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Modern Smart Pointers: std::unique_ptr & std::shared_ptr
Eliminating raw new/delete and memory leaks via ownership semantics
In Modern C++, raw new and delete are considered anti-patterns. Smart pointers automatically manage heap object lifecycles through strict ownership semantics.
Unique vs Shared Ownership
std::unique_ptr<T>: Represents exclusive ownership. Cannot be copied, only moved (std::move). Incurs ZERO runtime overhead compared to a raw pointer. Automatically frees memory when it leaves scope.
std::shared_ptr<T>: Represents shared reference-counted ownership. Memory is freed only when the last shared_ptr pointing to the object is destroyed.
Always use std::make_unique<T>() and std::make_shared<T>() factory functions for exception safety.
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
class Resource {
public:
Resource() { std::cout << "Resource acquired." << std::endl; }
~Resource() { std::cout << "Resource destroyed automatically!" << std::endl; }
void execute() { std::cout << "Processing data..." << std::endl; }
};
int main() {
// Allocate heap object with exclusive ownership
auto ptr = std::make_unique<Resource>();
ptr->execute();
// Memory is freed automatically here! Zero leaks!
return 0;
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Test Yourself With Exercise
Which smart pointer represents exclusive single ownership and cannot be copied in C++?