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AWS Cloud Computing Tutorial• 7 min read

IAM: Identity & Access Management & Least Privilege

Users, Groups, Roles, JSON Policies, MFA, and Principle of Least Privilege

AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) controls authentication and authorization across all AWS services, governing who can access which cloud resources.

Core IAM Building Blocks

IAM Users: Represent individual humans or applications requiring long-term credentials.

IAM Groups: Collections of users sharing identical permission sets (e.g. "DevOpsEngineers", "BillingAdmins").

IAM Roles: Temporary credentials assumed by AWS services (e.g. an EC2 instance assuming a role to read S3) or federated identity users, eliminating hardcoded access keys.

Principle of Least Privilege: Always grant only the absolute minimum permissions required to perform a specific job.

IAM JSON Policy Granting Read-Only S3 Access
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Action": [
        "s3:GetObject",
        "s3:ListBucket"
      ],
      "Resource": [
        "arn:aws:s3:::codexia-course-assets",
        "arn:aws:s3:::codexia-course-assets/*"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
Policies define Effect (Allow/Deny), Actions, and target ARN Resources.
Pro Tip

Never use the AWS Root Account for everyday administrative tasks! Lock it with Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) and create individual IAM users or IAM Identity Center access.

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Test Yourself With Exercise

+15 XP

What security best practice dictates that users should only receive the minimum permissions necessary to accomplish their tasks?